Effect of Bacillus cereus as a water or feed additive on the gut microbiota and immunological parameters of Nile tilapia

We evaluated the effects of Bacillus cereus, as an additive in water and feed, on the gut microbiota and immunological parameters of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. Experiments were performed in tanks and net cages respectively. Experiment 1: Tilapia were housed in tanks for 42 days, and B. cereus was added to the water at 1.0 × 10⁴ cfu mL^?1 (Treatment 1) and 1.0 ×10⁵ cfu mL^?1 (Treatment 2) weekly. For the control, no probiotic was added. Experiment 2: Tilapia were housed in cages for 42 days, and the feed was supplemented with B. cereus at 1.0 × 10⁷ cfu g^?1 (Treatment 1) and 1.0 × 10⁸ cfu g^?1 (Treatment 2) weekly. For the control, no probiotic was added. Each treatment contained three replicates, with 50 male tilapias per replicate. The fish from the probiotic treatments in both tank and cage experiments had significantly higher serum lysozyme and peroxidase activities than the control. In the cage experiment, alkaline phosphatase and total superoxide dismutase activities in tilapia were significantly higher in probiotic treatments compared with the control. The results of polymerase chain reaction‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis showed that B. cereus supplementation in the feed and water affected the autochthonous gut bacteria community of tilapia and stimulated various potentially beneficial bacteria. Therefore, B. cereus, as a water or feed additive, could enhance the immune status and affect the gut microbiota of tilapia. Bacillus cereus was more effective as a feed supplement rather than a water additive for enhancing the immune status of tilapia.     

Fluorescence of Extracts from Argentine Hake (Merluccius hubbsi) Muscle and Its Correlation with Quality Indices During Chilled Storage

Argentine hake (Merluccius hubbsi) was stored chilled for 8 days. The evolution of fluorescence of the aqueous and organic extracts of muscle during storage at 4°C was studied and correlated with common damage indices; pH, total volatile basic nitrogen, free fatty acids, and the fluorescence intensity of the aqueous phase showed a good correlation with storage time. The excitation-emission matrices of the aqueous extracts were also obtained. A fluorescence landscape that could be attributed to tryptophan decreased with storage time, meanwhile a peak (around 340 and 400 nm for excitation and emission wavelengths, respectively) is developed during chilled storage.     

Three‐dimensional visualization of green fluorescence protein‐labelled Edwardsiella tarda in whole Medaka larvae

The invasive fish pathogen Edwardsiella tarda is common in aquatic environments and causes the environmentally and economically destructive emphysematous putrefactive disease called edwardsiellosis. In order to understand the organism's infection pathway, medaka larvae (Oryzias latipes) were immersion‐infected with E. tarda labelled with green fluorescence protein (GFP) and then visualized in three dimensions under confocal laser microscopy and light‐sheet fluorescence microscopy. Confocal microscopy revealed GFP‐labelled E. tarda in the mouth, head, gill bridges, gill cover, skin, membrane fin, gastrointestinal tract and air bladder, and in the caudal vein, somite veins, caudal artery and caudal capillaries. Light‐sheet microscopy additionally showed GFP‐labelled E. tarda in the pharyngeal cavity, muscle of the pectoral fin and cardiac atrium and ventricle. These findings suggest that during its infection of fish, E. tarda initially adheres to, and invades, the epithelial cells of the skin, gills and gastrointestinal tract (through the pharyngeal cavity); E. tarda then enters the blood vessels to access organs, including the air bladder and heart.     

Effects of sediment load on the abrasion of soil aggregate and hydraulic parameters in experimental overland flow

The breakdown of soil aggregates under rainfall and their abrasion in overland flow are important processes in water erosion due to the production of more fine and transportable particles and, the subsequent significant effect on the erosion intensity. Currently, little is known about the effects of sediment load on the soil aggregate abrasion and the relationship of this abrasion with some related hydraulic parameters. Here, the potential effects of sediment load on soil aggregate abrasion and hydraulic parameters in overland flow were investigated through a series of experiments in a 3.8-m-long hydraulic flume at the slope gradients of 8.7 and 26.8%, unit flow discharges from 2×10~(–3) to 6×10~(–3) m~2 s~(-1), and the sediment concentration from 0 to 110 kg m~(–3). All the aggregates from Ultisols developed Quaternary red clay, Central China. The results indicated that discharge had the most significant(P0.01) effect on the aggregates abrasion with the contributions of 58.76 and 60.34%, followed by sediment feed rate, with contributions of 39.66 and 34.12% at the slope gradients of 8.7 and 26.8%, respectively. The abrasion degree of aggregates was found to increase as a power function of the sediment concentration. Meanwhile, the flow depth, friction factor, and shear stress increased as a power function along with the increase of sediment concentration at different slope gradients and discharges. Reynolds number was obviously affected by sediment concentration and it decreased as sediment concentration increased. The ratio of the residual weight to the initial weight of soil aggregates(Wr/Wi) was found to increase as the linear function with an increasing flow depth(P=0.008) or Reynolds number(P=0.002) in the sediment-laden flow. The Wr/Wi values followed a power function decrease with increasing friction factor or shear stress in the sediment-laden flow, indicating that friction factor is the best hydraulic parameter for prediction of soil aggregate abrasion under different sediment load conditions. The information regarding the soil aggregate abrasion under various sediment load conditions can facilitate soil process-based erosion modeling.     

水分胁迫对大豆生长与产量的影响及应对措施

在大豆生长发育过程中,非生物胁迫严重影响理化进程并降低产量,其中水分胁迫是所有其他非生物胁迫（高温、低温、土地瘠薄、盐碱等）损失的总和。为了提高大豆在水分胁迫中的抗逆性,通过归纳水分胁迫对大豆生长发育及产量的研究现状,总结干旱和淹水胁迫对大豆形态结构、生理指标及产量指标的影响,分析抵御水分胁迫的应对措施和有效方法。指出目前抗旱防涝存在的问题,并提出解决方案,以期降低水分胁迫对大豆生产造成的损失。     

NaCl胁迫对葡萄砧木光合特性与叶绿素荧光参数的影响

为探究葡萄（Vitis sp.）砧木对盐胁迫的响应机制，以耐盐葡萄砧木品种101-14M（V. riparia×V. rupestris）和盐敏感品种188-08（V. berlandieri × V. riparia）的一年生苗为试材，比较研究了0、4、6、8、10 g·kg-1的NaCl胁迫对2种砧木叶片叶绿素含量、光合气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明：随着盐浓度升高，净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间二氧化碳浓度和蒸腾速率显著下降，同时最大荧光产量、最大光化学效率、实际光化学效率和光化学淬灭系数也呈下降趋势，初始荧光产量、非光化学淬灭系数和叶绿素含量表现为先升高后降低。在6 g·kg-1 NaCl胁迫下，188-08光合速率降低主因由气孔限制转向叶绿素限制，并在8 g·kg-1 NaCl胁迫下PSⅡ受到严重损伤；而101-14M叶片在8 g·kg-1盐胁迫下主要因叶绿素限制造成光合受限，并在10 g·kg-1盐胁迫下PSⅡ反应中心遭受损伤。     

围产期饲喂过瘤胃胆碱对奶牛生产性能及血液生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究围产期奶牛饲喂过瘤胃胆碱(RPC)对泌乳性能、血液生化指标及繁殖性能的影响。试验采用单因素试验设计,选用60头年龄、胎次、预产期、上一胎次产奶量相近的健康围产期奶牛,随机分为3组,每组20头。Ⅰ组饲喂基础日粮,Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组在基础日粮上分别添加25 g/d和50 g/d RPC,饲喂期从产前3周至产后3周,共42 d。结果表明:Ⅱ组产奶量在产后1~8周显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组(P0.05);在产后第2周,Ⅲ组的乳脂率、乳蛋白率显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05);在整个试验期,Ⅱ组的谷丙转氨酶含量显著低于Ⅰ组(P0.05),Ⅲ组的天门冬氨酸转氨酶显著含量低于Ⅰ组(P0.05);产后第1周和第2周,Ⅱ组的β-羟丁酸、非酯化脂肪酸含量显著低于Ⅰ组(P0.05);Ⅱ组的甘油三酯含量显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组(P0.05),Ⅲ组的总胆固醇含量显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05);日粮中添加RPC可以显著提高情期受胎率(P0.05),显著缩减奶牛空怀天数(P0.05),也对产后初次配种时间的缩短和配种次数的降低有影响。日粮中添加RPC可提高围产期奶牛生产性能,对血液生化指标和繁殖性能产生有利影响,本试验条件下RPC最佳添加剂量为每头牛25 g/d。     

抗草甘膦栽培大豆种质挖掘及抗性生理研究

利用田间试验结合生物化学分析研究了不同的栽培大豆品系对草甘膦的抗性,试验结果显示:在草甘膦有效剂量为0.31~0.92 kg·hm~(-2)时,不同栽培大豆品种对草甘膦抗性存在明显差异,在草甘膦剂量为0.92 kg·hm~(-2)时,石豆1号存活率为100%,表现了较高的抗性,8份材料的存活率为4%~48%,表现出一定的抗性;44份材料表现敏感,存活率为0。试验研究了抗性材料石豆1号、中抗材料Williams和敏感材料中黄35对草甘膦的生理生化反应的差异,结果表明:随着草甘膦处理剂量的增加和处理时间的延长,石豆1号莽草酸含量、叶绿素含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)相对活性没有明显变化。而Williams和中黄35的莽草酸含量和SOD相对活性明显升高,叶绿素含量明显降低。结果表明草甘膦(浓度0.92 kg·hm~(-2))处理下,不同抗性栽培大豆叶片中莽草酸含量有明显差异,处理5~14 d时敏感材料叶片中莽草酸含量保持较高水平,因此栽培大豆叶片莽草酸含量可以作为判断其对草甘膦抗性高低的主要生理指标之一,而SOD的活性和叶绿素含量可以作为判断栽培大豆对草甘膦抗性的辅助生理指标。     

长期施肥处理对双季晚稻叶绿素荧光特征及籽粒产量的影响

研究施肥模式对水稻叶绿素含量及荧光参数的调节作用,对提高水稻光能利用效率及籽粒产量具有重要意义。本研究以水稻品种赣929为试验材料,比较长期定位施磷钾肥(PK)、施氮磷钾肥(NPK)、等养分条件下70%氮磷钾肥配合施用30%有机肥(70F+30M)、50%氮磷钾肥配合施用50%有机肥(50F+50M)、30%氮磷钾肥配合施用70%有机肥(30F+70M)条件下水稻叶绿素荧光参数和产量变化特征。结果表明,水稻旗叶叶绿素含量从齐穗期到成熟期呈下降趋势,且表现为30F+70M50F+50M70F+30MNPKPK。水稻叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm随水稻生育期的推进呈降低趋势,其中PK处理Fv/Fm值最低,而施氮处理比不施氮处理Fv/Fm值增加了2.85%～4.18%。叶绿素荧光参数qL、ΦPSII在NPK处理中表现为齐穗期较高, 20 d之后显著降低;在50F+50M、30F+70M处理中表现为齐穗期较低, 20 d以后显著增加;在PK处理、70F+30M处理中一直处于较高水平。NPQ变化趋势与qL基本相反。ETR-PAR光响应曲线拟合结果表明, 70F+30M处理ETRmax、?和Ek值在齐穗期和20 d后值均最高。综合看来,等养分条件下配施30%有机肥具有最优的叶绿素荧光指标组合及籽粒产量;而配施超过50%有机肥由于前期热耗散增大使得用于光合作用的光能份额减少,而施用氮磷钾肥处理则由于后期的衰老使得光能利用效率下降。     

Secondary Stress Responses in Juvenile Brazilian Flounder,Paralichthys orbignyanus,throughout and after Exposure to Sublethal Levels of Ammonia and Nitrite

This study investigated the secondary stress responses of Paralichthys orbignyanus exposed to ammonia and nitrite and after recovery. Fish were exposed to 0.12, 0.28, and 0.57 mg NH₃‐N/L, or 5.72, 10.43, and 15.27 mg NO₂‐N/L for 10 d followed by the same time length for recovery. Ammonia‐ and nitrite‐free water was used as a control treatment. Blood samples were collected after 1, 5, and 10 d of exposure and after recovery. Fish exposed to ammonia presented lower and higher glucose levels after 10 d of exposure and recovery, respectively. Ammonia induced initial and transient ionic disturbances and metabolic alkalosis. Nitrite exposure caused hyperglycemia, increased plasma K⁺ levels, and respiratory alkalosis, whereas metabolic acidosis was observed after recovery. Increased proportion of monocytes and/or granulocytes and reduced number of lymphocytes were demonstrated in fish exposed to 0.28 mg NH₃‐N/L (Day 1) and 10.43 mg NO₂‐N/L (Day 5) and after recovery in the 0.28 and 0.57 mg NH₃‐N/L treatments. Exposure to ammonia decreased the proportion of granulocytes on Day 5. In conclusion, exposure to concentrations at 0.12 mg NH₃‐N/L and 5.72 mg NO₂‐N/L provoked physiological disorders in Brazilian flounder. Nonetheless, fish exposed to 5.72 mg NO₂‐N/L following a 10‐d recovery period showed complete resumption of homeostasis.